| Punjabi (Gurmukhi) |
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Features of Gurmukhi ScriptAddakAddak ੱ is a sign used in Gurumukhi orthography to denote the Gemination a.k.a doubling of the consonants. When it appears before a aspirate consonant, an unaspirated counterpart appears before it.
As an exception, /mm/ and /nn/ both use the Tippi for Gemination.
ਪੱਕੀ - /pakkī/ ਪੱਖੀ - /pakkhī/
When Gurmukhi text is transliterated into other scripts, the above conversion automatically happens. Tippi and BindiGurmukhi has two signs, namely Tippi ੰ and Bindi ਂ . Both serve the same purpose of Nasalization. However, their contextual use with various vowels differs.
Present practice is to use bindi only with the dependent and independent forms of the vowels aa, ii, ee, ai, oo, and au, and with the independent vowels u and uu; tippi is used in the other contexts. Both Tippi and Bindi are transliterated as Anusvara when converted to other scripts from Gurmukhi.
The converter however correctly places the Bindi and Tippi, based on Gurmukhi conventions during Transliteration into Gurmukhi script. Gurmukhi TranscriptionGurmukhi is not pronounced as it is written. Punjabi is a Tonal language. The script is read based on several phonetic conventions [like Tamil] that could be found in detail on the above header links.
Transliteration ConventionsAddak, Tippi & BindiAs said earlier Addak, Tippi & Bindi are done automatically based on the respective context. Gurmukhi VisargaGurmukhi Visarga is a late addition to the Unicode. Therefore, it is not supported by Windows XP's Raavi. Use a font which supports Gurmukhi Visarga to view the Characater properly. Gurmukhi SSAGurmukhi lacks the equivalent letter for ṣ ष. So, I used the Nukta, and extended the letter ਸ਼ as ਸ਼਼ to transliterate ṣ. In some versions of the Uniscribe Engine this may not be dispayed properly. In that case, update your USP10.dll or remove the extra nukta from the text.
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